Personal Development Essay

MODUL – Introduction to personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings (L2) (3) (M) 1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own role My duties and responsibilities as a carer are: to provide high quality care for residents while complying with the company’s policies and procedures, any legislations and standards relevant to care work so the physical, emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual needs of individuals I look after are met and provide safe environment for all people working or coming to care setting; to be prepared to work within a team at all times; be flexible, adaptable; to build and maintain relationship with residents and support them with their Activities of Daily Living (such as assisting with personal care, meaningful and purposeful daily and social activities, helping them to make informed choices) and so maintain and improve their independence, individuality and mobility; to attend mandatory training, meetings; to keep up to date with new legislation, employer’s policies, procedures; to maintain confidentiality; to work in person centred way, to reduce discrimination by Equality and Inclusion; to record any necessary information in clear and professional way/language. 1.2 Identify standards that influence the way the role is carried out * Codes of practise – for example Code of Practice for Social Care Workers and for Employers of Social Workers * National Occupational Standards – regarding quality of care, qualification of carers * National Minimum Standards – for example National Minimum Standards for Care Homes for Older People * Internal policies and procedures, * Legislation (Health and Safety at Work Act – including COSHH – Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations which apply to use, storage, dispose such substances, RIDDOR – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations – require to report any work related injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences, Manual Handling Operation Regulations, Fire Safety Regulations) 1.3 Describe ways to ensure that personal attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work Not to criticise others, always be aware that everybody is different and so respect what they say, feel, want even though I do not agree with it, be and act as professional at all times. Listen to them actively. Try to avoid conflicts. 2.1 Explain why reflecting on work activities is an important way to develop knowledge, skills and practice Reflecting on our own practices, actions we took in providing care, in interaction with colleagues, visitors or other professionals is an integral part in one’s personal development. The reasons why it is are as follows: looking back at what we did, how we reacted in certain situations (with positive results as well as difficult ones) helps us to examine why we practice the way we do, if it is in correct way or we can do it better or we need to change it; also helps us to identify the areas of our own practice that needs to be further improved, developed. It’s a good tool for addressing our strengths and weaknesses and based on this knowledge it helps to develop new areas of learning, find different ways of how we perform our work and so to become more effective and professional support worker. 3.1 Identify sources of support for own learning and development * Internal and external trainings * Team meetings * Supervisions and appraisals * Communication with and observations of experienced colleagues * Online research, thematic literature 3.2 Describe the process for agreeing a personal development plan and who should be involved In first two weeks in the company I was issued a Personal Development Plan which took me through my first three months here. Its integral part were 8 standards in which was explained how to carry out job effectively at high standards making sure that principles of communications, privacy, personal care, safeguarding etc. are fully understood. The standards included important information, questions and exercises which needed to be solved within 3 month probation period. Another part included inductions to manual handling, food hygiene, fire safety, infection control and other work relevant areas through trainings and watching dvds. Again the timescale was set for probation time. Working in a team, communicating with the clients, staff and supervisor and mentor I was able to understand and gain necessary information to meet my personal development plan objectives. In this process were involved following people: home manager, me, head carer, deputy head carer.

Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems

Abstract Today, many safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures too minimum. The paper examines existing regulating standards in safety-critical systems. By comparing different software testing methods the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing are being evaluated. The QUICKIES standard serves as the mall regulatory framework for all separately systems and provides the basis for the creation of application- and Interdependently tankards.Moreover it defines certain safety integrity levels depending on the field of application and recommends testing methods according to these levels. In model- based safety testing a usage model with restricted space state domain is used to generate representative test cases. Statistical testing is a mathematical approach that uses a high number of test cases to reach a significant result. The ma in challenge of all safety-related testing methods Is to reduce testing time and complexity without distorting the significance of the test.These can for example be transportation systems, power plants, and medical applications. As people's lives depend on the correct function of such control systems and their software, thorough testing is required before they can be admitted to operation. There are many different software testing methods. Most of them only analyze the probability of a failure but do not value its severity. However, in safety-critical systems a failure that has severe consequences, even if it is extremely rare, can not be accepted. Therefore testing in this field has to be adopted accordingly.The purpose of this paper is to find and compare the latest methods for safety-critical footwear testing and to identify the most common industry standard in this field. Moreover the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing will be elaborated. At the begi nning the paper will provide definitions that are required for the understanding of the subsequent chapters. After that, an introduction to the JUICE 508 safety standard, which serves as a basis for most industry-specific standards, is given.The chapter â€Å"Testing Methods† will address some of the latest safety-related software testing methods in detail. 5 Definitions 2 Definitions 2. 1 Reliability and Safety In safety critical systems both, reliability and safety are required to achieve the goals of dependability. However, reliability and safety are two different attributes of dependability. The reliability, R(t) , of a system is a function of time. It is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function in a defined way over a given time period and under certain specified and assumed conditions.The most used parameter to characterize reliability is the Mean Time To Failure (MATT). The safety, S(t), of a system is defined as the pro bability that a system ill either perform its functions correctly or will discontinue its functions in a way that does not interrupt the operation of other systems or Jeopardize the safety of any people associated with the system [1]. Based on these definitions, in reliability testing all failures are weighted equally, whereas in safety testing the failures are weighted according to their severity.Therefore, a reliable system may be quite unsafe and a safe system may be very unreliable. 2. 2 Safety-critical System States very complex to generate. As many states are unreachable or very difficult to reach hey can be reduced to a relatively small number of representative system states. These states are grouped in three subsets: Normal State Subset (NUNS), Fail-Safe State subset (FPS) and Risky state subset (IRS). Their relationships are: s=Unusualness; 6 Their inter-dependability is described as a Markova chain (see figure 1) [2]. Figure 1 : Three-state Markova Model for Safety-critica l Systems(Source: 2. Markova Chain Usage Model The Markova chain usage model describes the possible usage of a software based on a predicted environment. It can be used to generate statistical test cases and to estimate the software reliability. In an Markova model the transition from operation I to operation J can be denoted by an ordered pair . Let be the transition probability from operation I to operation J, with and EX=I .. N p(is)=1, where n is the number of operations. The transitions and transition probabilities can be represented in the form of a matrix [3].Each specific usage of the program corresponds to a path X=(XI, XX,†¦ Xi) in the Markova chain where Xi corresponds to the I-the operation. P(Xi, X]) determines the next executed operation J after execution of operation I. Since the operations are random rabbles, each path X=(XI, XX,†¦ ) forms a stochastic process. For a particular path x=(ox, XSL ,†¦ ), the corresponding path execution probability is [3]: 7 pox pop , x 3 Standards There exist both national and international standards and guidelines at different depths and classifications which define requirements for safety-related technologies. Yester and provides the basis for the creation of application- and underspecified standards. It includes more than 500 pages of normative and informative specifications and proposals. Nowadays most safety-related standards are based on he JUICE 508 in combination with the previously applicable requirements [4]. The JUICE 508 defines so called Safety Integrity Levels (Sills) which serve as a measure for the safety requirements on a certain system. The following table shows the different SILLS as well as the corresponding probability of failure and application examples.Probability of Failure One Failure in x Years Consequences Application Example The last three parts, are informative and include practical examples which should help to simplify the application of the standard. The ‘CE 61 508 describes the complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems (E / E / PEE) for separately functions [4]. According to the focus of this paper only the parts relating to software testing are mentioned in the following paragraph. Figure 2 shows the verification and validation process in software development according to the JUICE 508 standard.The E/E/PEE system safety requirements are applied both on the system architecture and the software specifications. Every level in the system architecture verifies if it meets the requirements of the next higher layer (I. E. Coding fulfills module design requirements, module design fulfills software yester design requirements etc. ). Moreover each system architecture layer is tested by a specific test. As soon as the test circuit is closed successfully the software can be validated. The st andard also recommends and rates certain test methods according to the required SILL. In order to meet the requirements of the ‘CE standard a series.Test methods comprised in the ‘CE 61 508 are categorized as follows [6]: Failure analysis (I. E. Cause consequence programs) Dynamic analysis and testing (I. E. Test case execution from model-based test case generation) Functional and black box testing (I. . Equivalence classes and input partition testing, including boundary value analysis) Performance testing (I. E. Response timings and memory constraints) Static analysis (I. E. Static analysis of run time error behavior) 9 Figure 2: ‘CE 61 508-3 Verification and Validation Process(Source: 10 Testing Methods 4 Testing Methods There are many different software testing methods.A detailed introduction to all different methods would be far beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore the author will only mention two methods he deems most relevant in the field of safety-relat ed software testing. Finally both methods are compared and their possible application areas are evaluated. 4. 1 Model-based Safety Testing In model-based testing explicit behavior models that encode the intended behavior of a system and its environment are used. These models generate pairs of inputs and outputs. The output of such a model represents the expected output of the system under test (SOT). Mineral model-based testing method. The system safety-related behavior is defined in the safety requirements specification. Test cases are derived from a safety model that is extracted from the SHUT and from formal safety requirements. This model encodes the intended behavior and maps each possible input to the corresponding output. Safety test selection criteria relate to the functional safety of the safety- critical system, to the structure of the model (state coverage, transition coverage), and also to a well defined set of system faults.Safety test case specifications are used to fo rmalize the safety test selection criteria and render them operational. For the given safety model and the safety test case specification, an automatic safety test case generator and optimizer generates the safety test case suite. Finally, the concreted input part of a test case is submitted to the SHUT and the SOT's output is recorded. The concentration of the input part of a test case is performed by a safety test engine. Besides executing the safety case, it can also compare the output of the SHUT with the expected output as provided by the safety test case [6]. 1 Figure 3: Model-based Safety Testing according Gang You et al. (Source: Test Case Generation One of the most commonly tools for test case generation are model checking techniques. The main purpose of model checking is to verify a formal safety property (given as a logic formula) on a system model. In test case generation, model checking is used in order to find violations of certain formal safety properties. Safety mode ls of safety-critical software systems may have a huge number of states. Therefore the greatest challenge when using a model checker is to cope with the state space explosion.As a countermeasure, Gang You et al. ‘s approach applies the safety model, which is derived from SHUT and certain safety requirements. The model 12 limits the number of states by splitting them into three subsets (NUNS, FPS, IRS) containing only representative states (see 2. X). Moreover the safety model encodes he intended behavior, and from its structure, safety test cases can be derived. It thereby restricts the possible inputs into the SHUT and the set of possible separately behaviors of the SOT.Hence, to reduce the amount of testing and guarantee the quality of testing the model checker will search those most frequently entered states and generate the corresponding safety test cases without searching the whole state spaces. The selection of states is based on the safety requirements (Sills). Generall y speaking, the safety model can be seen as a test selection criterion generate safety-related test cases. Figure 4 shows the corresponding flow chart. 1 . The system safety model in the form of a finite state machine (FSML) is transformed into the input language of the model checker tool (SPIN) 2.Each test requirement of a given safety criterion is formulated as a temporal logic expression (LET). 3. Based on the Markova model of a system, the state space is divided into three subsets. 4. In term of these subsets, the negation of each expression of the formula is verified by the model checker. If there is an execution path in the model that does not satisfy the negated formula then it is presented by the model checker as a counter-example. This path becomes a test sequence that satisfies the original test requirement. 5.The inputs and outputs that form the executable test case are extracted from the counter-example or are derived by a corresponding guided simulation of the model. 13 Figure 4: Test Case Generation Framework according Gang You et al. (Source: 4. 2 Statistical Testing As already mentioned in 2. 1 reliability is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function. This chapter will link the reliability of a system with the Markova usage model (see 2. 3). Let f: be a function that shows the failure probability of a software. The argument D represents the possible usage set of the software.Each element AXED is a usage path from quo (initial operation) to send (final operation) The relation between software reliability R and failure probability F is: R=l -F (2). In the assumed model the failure behavior of the software only depends on its usage path X and not on the input. This means that the input domain corresponding to the used X is homogeneous. The simplest way of obtaining unbiased reliability estimation of the software is to select N test paths XSL, XX, †¦ , CNN according to the usage model. The exult of the function f(Xi) is 1 if the path fails and O otherwise.Then the arithmetic 14 mean of f(Xi) is an unbiased estimate PEP(f(X)), which is the mathematical expectation of the software failure probability under transition matrix P. Hence, the software reliability can be expressed as R=l -PEP(f(X)) [3]. Critical operations are infrequently executed in real applications. This generates the problem that development organizations have to spend too much time when performing adequate statistical testing. Although one can overcome these drawbacks by increasing the execution probabilities of critical operations during statistical entire software under test. Yang Going et al. 3] found a possible approach to overcome this problem: Importance Sampling (IS) Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration. IS Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration This chapter presents the Is-based software statistical testing acceleration method. It ensures that the cr itical operations tested adequately by adjusting the transition probabilities in the matrix of the usage model, and at the same time, produces the unbiased reliability of the software under test. The IS technique reduces simulation run times hen estimating the probabilities of rare events by Monte Carlo simulations [3].For complex software with a large model matrix, the simulation procedure is often extremely time consuming. To overcome this problem, Yang Going et al. ‘s approach adopts a simulated annealing algorithm to calculate the optimal matrix Q. This widely used optimization method employs stochastic techniques to avoid being trapped in local optimal solution. The 16 exact mathematical explanation of this algorithm is complex and would be out of the scope of this paper. [3] 4. 3 Method Comparison Although model-based and statistical testing follow completely different approaches, the challenges are very similar.Both methods have to limit the extent and complexity of tes ting. Model-based testing reduces the number of test cases by restricting the state space domain of the Markova chain usage model. Whereas statistical testing reduces the number by changing the relation between critical and normal test cases with help off likelihood ratio. 5 Conclusion Today an increasing number of safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures to a minimum. The paper focused on

Crash Movie Reaction Paper

As I entered Wal-Mart, the lights were bright but not gleaming. The employees were pleasant and working for the most part. Everything was easily accessible. I was not approached by anyone but if you needed help with finding something or you had a question about a product, there was staff available to assist. There were signs on the top of each isle which gives you an idea of the kind of things you can find in that particular isle. The store decor is not particularly pleasing to the eye but bearable none the less. You can pretty much find everything you need in your daily life and more at this store.Quality of products is below average and prices reflect the same. You can get a money order, send money to a loved one, or you can cash your check. Your one stop-shop, as they say. I found the shoppers to be average to below average income level. I also saw some who were pretty well off but are still shopping at a discount store to save money. After all, no matter how much money you have, who doesn’t want more? How do you spot a â€Å"well off† person? The clothes they wear, the handbag they carry, jewelry and things of that nature.I would like to point out that, these folks are not buying clothes or jewelry here, they are here for the everyday things such as groceries, diapers, paper products, cleaning supplies, etc. The average to below average income people also but some of the same things but in addition to that, they also bought clothes and shoes and jewelry. Almost all the people bought their things with a credit card or a debit card. Some people had an access card, which is a government funded welfare program for food. I am assuming (and hoping) that the above average income people did not use or have a need for this.

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Final paper - Essay Example r dehumanisation of the Jews through the environment and the brutal, cold treatment from different groups of people, and though many survivors had the ideology of using one another as means to basic survival, some admirably managed to keep their humanity intact by compartmentalising animal and humane instincts. The book effectively demonstrates that, to win against the Nazis, the Jews did not only fight the daily battles for physical survival in Auschwitz, but, more importantly, they fought the war for the survival of their humanity. The temporal setting reflects the inhumane conditions of the Jews through the Nazis who used the environment to maximise the torture they could inflict on them. The transportation to the camp itself was agonising enough to kill many. Without food, water, warmth, and enough physical space, Levi captures the first stage of the machine of destruction- to die by natural means through unnatural uses of environmental conditions.2 He narrates how, in the trains, â€Å"†¦men, women and children [were] pressed together without pity, like cheap merchandise, for a journey towards nothingness, a journey down there, towards the bottom.†3 The inclusion of women and children in the same circumstances indicated how the Nazis perpetuated anti-Semitic ideology that judged the Jews’ inferiority as innate, even women and children were not spared. One of the greatest enemies in the Holocaust was not only the Nazis, but the severe environment. Even in summer, Buna was not better, excep t it was not so cold. Levi takes pains depicting Buna as â€Å"desperately and essentially opaque and gray,† a â€Å"negation of beauty,†4 while Carbide Tower was compared to the Tower of Babel because inhabitants had 15 to 20 languages.5 These descriptions prove that the centralised aspect of the annihilation of the Jews included their assignment in unrelenting environments that killed them physically and mentally. Removed from their comfortable civilised stations in life,

What's good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What's good - Essay Example These were the years of violation and neglect. Martin Luther states that everyone has to gain the rightful place in the world of God. He calls people to stay together, to unite and fight the injustice of the surrounding world. The reaction of the audience (the numerous ovations) persuades us that that the speech of Martin Luther gained great success and appreciation. Among the list of speeches, there was also one, which was worse than all the other ones. It was the discourse of Malcolm X about the rights of voting and black nationalism. Unlike Martin Luther he does not connect his religious views with the political events so tightly. However, he uses the same methods to attract the attention of the auditory. For example, the constant rise and fall of the intonation. The negative side is that he uses the complex sentences, which are sometimes meaningless. Anyway, he presents the strong arguments in order to support his position. He unites people by the definition â€Å"black community† and states that they need to understand its political ideas. Though Malcolm X definitely attracted the attention of the audience, his speech needs correction. In conclusion it is important to state that political speeches are used in order to influence the cognition of the population. The science of their creation requires great experience and pure vision of the world situation and moods of the

Primary Document Analysis Paper #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Primary Document Analysis Paper #2 - Essay Example Best symbolizing this was the Red Summer riots of Chicago – often referring to ‘the Awakening of Black America.’ This event was to change the face of American socialization, bringing to the fore, the contentious issue of racism and racial discrimination. This paper will analyze the primary documents on the race riots that occurred in the summer & fall of 1919 and factors led to the Red Summer. It will also address issues of race, politics, ideology, socioeconomics, and foreign affairs present in the urban violence that occurred and the role that the American media played in the Red Summer Riots. The Red Summer Riots portrayed a ‘boiling point’ in the nation’s long history of racial strife, through violent demonstrating against the African Americans’ long discrimination and oppression. In the summer and fall seasons of 1919, Chicago amongst a host of other populous cities became battlegrounds that witnessed continuous rioting. Not only was this mayhem experienced in the urban-city setting, but more so, in the rural areas of the South specifically those in the former confederacy, such as Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas and Georgia amongst others. As a result, millions of American lives were disrupted with hundreds (if not thousands) of people dying most of whom were African Americans. In the aftermath of the riots, thousands of individuals were injured, with many more being forced to flee from their neighborhoods and homes. In the overall context, not only was the social fabric affected in terms of civil unrest, but also in the form of economic depreci ation. Various businesses did loss millions of American dollars to looting and general destruction of their premises (Gardiner, 1919). Different aspects present in the society during the Red Summer Riots such as the media (print and television) played a vital role in fueling the prevailing social contexts for

UltraSound - Current Disruptive Innovation and Theories Essay

UltraSound - Current Disruptive Innovation and Theories - Essay Example However, disruptive technologies generally refer to mechanisms and equipment by which simpler and cheaper products are created. Disruptive technologies assist in the creation of new markets and product value networks, in the process interfering with the established or existing markets and value networks. That is, with the emergence of a disruptive technology, a given market or value of a product is changed in a manner the market does not expect (Scott et al., 2008). For instance, a disruptive technology could create a new class of customers through processes that lower product prices. Disruptive technology thus opposes sustaining technologies, which do not create new value networks or markets. Although most disruptive technologies may be cited to relate to computers and the associated products, such as desktop publishing, microcomputers, gps, smartphones, and the social media, other industries such as education and health care are also awash with disruptive technologies, which have c reated new markets, value networks, and customer classes. Ultrasound as Disruptive Technology The market disrupted by the ultrasound technology is the radiography, in which the X-ray imaging technology has been disrupted. One of the features of the disruptive technology that ultrasound has is its creation of a new market, interfering with the market advantages enjoyed by X-ray companies, which never participated in ultrasound until much later, after they acquired some major ultrasound equipment manufacturing firms (Tribikram, 2004). According to Professor Clayton Christensen of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School, the emergence of ultrasound in clinical applications is a good example of disruptive technologies that address certain inefficiencies in modern health care standards. For instance, comparatively, ultrasound is simpler, less expensive, and more convenient than other modern imaging systems. Therefore, according to Christensen, healthcare should be more dis ruptive, flexible, and simpler to meet the divergent needs of patients. Similar to the case of other disruptive technologies, ultrasound entered the healthcare market and immediately won a big chunk of customers who had hitherto used other technologies. Although other technologies such as CT, MRI and PET imaging earlier introduced had displaced the X-ray, ultrasound is obviously more disruptive than the CT, MRI, and PET (Christensen, 1997). Moreover, ultrasound allows mere caregivers and technologists to take imaging to patients rather than the more expensive specialists. Interestingly, those behind the ultrasound invention and manufacture are small companies such as the Ultrasonix, which are rather new to the industry, and not the long-established healthcare multinationals. In fact, Ultrasonix designs, develops, and manufactures different diagnostic ultrasound systems that make ultrasound technology easier to apply in several areas of patient care (Christensen, 1997). With their la rge monitors and image quality, these ultrasound systems are quite ideal for guiding interventional procedures. According to Adner and Snow (2010), disruptive technologies such as the ultrasound are met with skepticism from some stakeholders who, instead of embracing a new technology, would rather continue with, or

Biology of food4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biology of food4 - Essay Example The malting process entails a period of soaking in water for a certain period, allowing the opening of the husk, and releasing of the barley. The malting procedure stops at the point where the seeds begin to recruit enzymes that can break down the starch in the seeds. After draining the soaked seeds, the fermentation process follows, whereby yeast and lactobacilli utilize the sugars in the seed. The fermentation process runs for a period, until the beer is ready. If Mel had left the seeds to germinate fully, the germinating plant would have utilized the foods stored in the grain. Usually, seeds in the store have a reserve of nutrients in the cotyledon. Under the right conditions, germination of the seeds takes place, a process that compels the germinating seedling to use the nutrients (Pratap and Kumar37). During seed maturation, storage or starch in the cotyledon occurs. When seeds absorb water at the onset of germination, a new process of mobilizing the nutrients for use in growth occurs. The availability of certain enzymes breaks down the starch into simple sugars that the seed utilizes in respiration. The respiratory process yields energy and other waste products such as lactic acid. Moreover, synthesis of other essential nutrients such as proteins takes place in the seed. In the process of making wine, the fruit juice used provides the relevant sugars utilized by the microbes involved in the fermentation process. The wine making process is usually different from that of making beer. In making wines, grape juices serve as the source of both macronutrients and micronutrients required by the microbes, while beer making utilizes seeds. A cost/benefit analysis led to this difference. After it became evident that the seeds used in making beer were critical sources of food for animals, it proved rational for grapes serve as food for microbes in the wine making process, preserving the grains for animals (14). This is in conformity with the fact that animals are hi gher than the microbes. Plants usually produce toxins as an essential part of constitutive defense. Genetic mutation is responsible for the conversion of phenolic compounds and alkaloids to the toxins. Although plants produce toxins as a form of defense, they affect the plant’s reproductive system adversely, and the mutated genesare conferred to the next generation. It is likely that the mutated plants have a higher chance of survival because the toxins protect it from attack by herbivores and insects. Usually, plants exposed to attacks by herbivores, and insects causing detriment to the plant motivates the plant to alter its secondary metabolism and produce toxins. A classic example is the milkweed, which underwent mutation to produce cardenolides that serve as toxins to monarchs. Apricots are seeds and play a critical role because they germinate to yield new plants. Apricot seeds require both macro and micronutrients for use in the metabolic processes involved in germinatio n. From eating apricot seeds, humans obtain carbohydrates, amygdalin, protein, sugars and fats (36). Squash blossoms are flowers involved in the sexual reproduction of the plant. By eating these flowers, the body gains calcium, sodium, iron, vitamins, and carbohydrates. in order to play the role sexual reproduction, these flowers require a range of ten aromatic compounds. A slice of turkey denotes a piece of breast meat. It is an essential portion as it provides

Document analysis Declaration of the Rights of Women, 1791 Assignment

Document analysis Declaration of the Rights of Women, 1791 - Assignment Example It shows what she had to undergo and it is a shame and betrayal for the country. b. We always have to remember this article talks about what happened in 1791, so they way that men think is different than today. The women being talked about in the article seem to be so poor and less empowered compared to the modern woman. As the writer said "Marriage is the tomb of trust and love." Women needed to have more rights in the marriages. At that time women, who were married were taken as a source of impunity while those who were unmarried had feeble inheritance rights. a. This article by Olympe de Gouges was written at a time when women were generally taken to be inferior to men. Men had total dominance over the women and it was the word of the men that ruled in all contexts. Even in the marriage life, men were seen to be powerful than the women. The men were the ones who dictated how the marriages went about. In this historical context, the property that was accumulated during the course of the marriage belonged to the men (Halsall para 4). It was the men who decided how the property was shared. Men determined who inherited what property. In an attempt to correct this Olympe de Goupe came up with women right declaration is order to be able to challenge the declaration of the rights of men. She wanted to push the idea that women were not inferior to men and whatever rights the men had, women were supposed to have the rights too. This, nonetheless, did not go well with the majority who believed that women were not equal to men. b. Olympe de Goupe also wanted to ensure that the marginalized women like the widows were given their rights. This is why she says that â€Å"I would like a law which would assist widows and young girls deceived by false promises of a man to whom they are attached to† (Halsall para 5). This, she say in an attempt to empower the women by advocating for their

International studies Essay Example for Free

International studies Essay 1. Business and Economics WEEK 4: Theories of International Trade and Investment 2. Mercantilism is a bankrupt theory that has no place in the modern world. Discuss. 3.   Mercantilism a country should maintain a trade surplus, even if that means that imports are limited by government intervention. Bankrupt theory because: – Inconsistent with the general notion of globalization. †¢ Eventually, a country will find it difficult to export if it imposes oppressive quotas and tariffs on its imports. – Consumers in the mercantilist country suffer. †¢ Denied access to either â€Å"cheaper† or more â€Å"sophisticated† goods from other countries. 4. Is free trade fair? Discuss. 5. Trade theory suggests that specialization and free trade benefits all countries. However, a case can be made in some situations for imposing trade barriers. E.g.: – Infant industry argument – National security 6.What are the potential costs of adopting a free trade regime? Do you think governments should do anything to reduce these costs? What? 7. Job loss Government should: –provide retraining programs OR –Do nothing, it will all come out in the wash 8. THE RISE OF BANGLADESH’S TEXTILE TRADE (PG. 206) CLOSING CASE: 9. Why was the shift to a free trade regime in the textile industry good for Bangladesh? 10. Until 2005, Bangladesh’s opportunities in the developed nations were governed by a quota system. Introduction of free trade policies enabled Bangladesh to increase its exports. Competitive advantage in the production of textiles. – low cost, productive labour force. – strong network of supporting industries. Also, attracted Western importers looking to diversify their supplier base. 11. Who benefits when retailers in the United States source textiles from low wage countries such as Bangladesh? Who might lose? Do the gains outweigh the losses? 12. BANGLADESH low cost, lower price ï‚ §competitive advantage US Higher price fewer garments purchased locally Possible job loss 13. What international trade theory, or theories, best explain the rise of Bangladesh as a textile exporting powerhouse? 14. Exporting powerhouse: – Relatively low wages. – Investments in boosting productivity levels. – Network of supporting industries.   Theory of comparative advantage ï‚ § Porter’s theory of competitive advantage 15. How secure is Bangladesh’s textile industry from foreign competition? What  factors could ultimately lead to a decline? 16. Bangladesh is attractive due to: – low cost garments – the opportunity for importers to diversify their supply base (Importers do not want to solely rely on China and see – Importers do not want to solely rely on China and see Bangladesh as an attractive alternative to hedge risks.   However, their infrastructure could prove to be problematic for its exporters. – If importers find that infrastructure problems disrupt their supplies, they could begin to look for new source countries. – Bangladesh should make the necessary investments to avoid any disruptions in the industry. 17. THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK NEXT WEEK:

Requirements for Human Resource Planning in Healthcare

Requirements for Human Resource Planning in Healthcare PHOEBE COLETO TASK ONE – INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH REPORT Considers the following types of business factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organisation business growth, decline, change, competition; impact of technology and labour market competition and employee development. Planning is one of the important factors in our life. Surely we all practice planning in our daily lives activities, careers, budgets and others. However we do it, planning is one of the important factor in the organization it is step by step to achieve a desirable outcome. This is typically refer to as business planning in corporate environment, accepting the more systematic and disciplined approach. The plan is to reach the achievement, programs and develop new services. The quality of such plans are organisational route maps to get business to some defined point, or points, in the future. Strategic planning is something that has grown steadily and one of the important part of modern business and organisational cycle. Human resources planning is an integration that define the current and future human resources needs for an organization to achieve its goals. Human resources planning should connect the human resources management and the whole strategic plan of an organization. BUSINESS GROWTH Cost has been more important theme in healthcare organizations. Organizations realize that future profitability will not be achieved by simply cutting the cost. Healthcare organization s system are starting to express and implement business growth strategies to implement effective profit and referral opportunities. Enhancing the business approach to working with clients, different organizations are investing in business growth strategies to promote better services, client expectations and gain customer loyalty and trust. Growth of the organization is depend on the ability of your team to develop services that meet client’s expectations; packaging the services for the benefit of the customer. The healthcare systems must differentiate the value and benefits of their services. The staff ability to meet this challenge is rejective to the organization’s to maintain successful growth. Therefore, in order the achieve the highest of success it needs strict implementation of plans. Implementation of training employees and hiring qualified staff will make an additional overall growth of the business. Through aiming for the quality of service and uniqueness of the service will give impression to client that this company is better to the other company. People will begin to be loyal to the services provided and will surely increase the business growth. DECLINE Doubt is ever present on business. Business decline refers to downward trend of business profit or revenue. The reasons of business unstable are generally caused by decline of service value, customer satisfaction, global and local competition, and new regulatory. On the other hand, it may result to business bankruptcy or closure of the company. The human resource management must do steps to prevent the decline or downfall of business. The business that flourishes in the middle of uncertainty times is the one who looks at the situation, change accordingly and define existing sales techniques to face the test of the business. This is the best method of willing to change and responsive. CHANGE â€Å"The ability to find new and non-traditional avenues to apply our strength is fundamental to our ability to remain competitive and responsive† by Stefan Kohn. Changes in the business is always part of the economy. It is an expected part of the business cycle. If there is a change it is important to consider people of the organization. Without the right people being willing, ready for the change, the solutions will never be implemented successfully. Usually changes struggles fail due to absence of attention. As quoted â€Å" The better you know your customer the better you are able to gauge what matters most in defining a positive customer experience† says Michelle Cox, head of contract centres at MBF (part of Bupa Australia). â€Å"Such customer – centricity is core to competitiveness in today’s market, helping to direct innovation, create value, and ensure flexibility and nimbleness in decision-making,† says Ms. Cox. Attending to the people dy namics should be completed as an equate factor of the design and administer of the change. The progression fit the change for success; measure through the designed solutions, implementation, planning, and testing. The key to achieve success is unruly designing the change process to handle all the content and people as one. COMPETITION The healthcare market faces many challenges. The impact increase the competition with quality and cost is not transparent. The relation between quality of healthcare provided to customer and system cost of giving health care is not explained. In every business there is rivalry to sales, profit, market and price, quality and service. In healthcare setting, the quality product or service would be the main reason to be a competitive. The human resource management should know the market or who they competing. It will help the Human resource to produce the quality services, marketing, and unique products. It will also accredit them to set a competitive cost and marketing campaigns. Create marketing strategies to the rivalry weakness and will improved the organization performance. Being a realistic in attaining goals will help aiming the success. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY The use of technology to help ensure quality and control cost plays important role in every business. Technological advancement are used in healthcare industries to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in care. It is believe that to improve the system is through innovation and entrepreneurism. Client were given information and power, reshaping how care is delivered, and changing the services. It has helped give clear meanings and every record right from the billing to diagnostic and treatment can be maintain through easy access by healthcare providers. Using software and tools, profiles of patients can be created so doctors can give standardized treatment. This improves the client outcome and reduces cost of health care. This proves that technology touches each and every stages of our lives. Technology has amazingly enhanced of life and boost economy of the world. LABOUR MARKET COMPETITION In New Zealand, healthcare is very competitive market due to shortage of specialised staff. They were facility gives poor services due to fast turnover of staff. The reason behind this is the load of work they have does not compensate with the wages they received. Planning and developing a competitive rate will develop the attitude of competitiveness. Categorize the load of work and compensating it with correct incentive creates satisfaction of employee. Good governance of the manager and good relationship to the staff will also prevent fast turnover. Working together as one unit in this competitive environment and giving importance to staff will give positive outcome. EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT A staff who receives the advance training is better able to perform her job. She becomes more knowledgeable about safety and proper procedures. The training also build the employees confidence because she has now a stronger understanding and the responsibilities of her job. The confidence will push the staff to perform even better and think of new ideas to excel. Continuous training also keeps your employees to retain and attract. Staff who are competent and on top of changing environment will help the company hold a position as a leader and strong competitor. Considers the following types of human resource requirements and factors that underpin human resource planning in a healthcare organisation Identifying internal personnel requirements, internal and external factors in matching personnel to organisational requirements; government policies and labour market competition. Workforce plays vital role in the business. The performance of the employee and the quality of service gives determines the stand of the organisation. The steps of hiring starts with advance planning to detect the needed staff in the organisation. The effective determinant of a management’s ability to respond in time to a changing and unstable business work environment is know how to be flexible and adaptable. The health care system is highly intensive with regards to labour. The effective health care system must have the exact number and mix of health care provider and must be with motivation and skills to perform the job assigned. Other countries are now in crisis for scarcity of qualified health care staff and that involves availability. The three dimension which relate to right health care workers ; distribution of skilful, which relate with the recruitment and retention of health care workers who is most needed; and the performance, which relates to a health care worker productivity and quality of the health care workers provide. IDENTIFYING INTERNAL PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS The organizations may want to fill position or vacancies with their current employees. Usually a company will allow current employees to apply for the vacancies inside the firm. The vacancies are advertised around the organization and can be applied by any employee who they are qualified The intuitions usually needed investigation and assessment if require an additional qualified staff. Performance increase plays important role to assess the performance and quality of work of an employee in a specific duties and responsibilities. This process enhance the employee skills and opportunity for promotion if needed. Also, it gives appropriate experience. Arranging or rearranging the organisation is a hard task. The human resource will retain the staff who is fit to the job, also it another option is hire new skilful employee. It can be done by identifying, assessing and implementing the problem. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS IN MATCHING PERSONNEL TO ORGANISATIONAL REQUIREMENTS An internal personnel need a specific position that match to the need of specific organisation. The balance in organisation is important that bring the demand and supply, so that the scarcity and over staffing will be solved. Pool of applicants must eliminate and select the right person to occupy the right position or vacancy. An External factor is the people that are needed for the job. It describes the people who will be qualified to the position as internal requirement of the management. Planning gives perspective and make sure the accurate amount of staff that are present to gives the necessary outcome of the organisation. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND LABOUR MARKET COMPETITION Government policies and guidelines are producing well for promotion of the safety of the staff and management. These legislation will have a big impact with process of hiring, training, compensation and discipline of the people in the organization. Due to the competition of labour market there is a set of specific compensation depending on the level or work. Wages are set for specific positions and jobs, however, in this competitive environment people will look that provides a better salary. Labour market economics involves studying the different dimensions of labour supply and demand, which collaborate with wages, employment and unemployment. It can be understood as process of human labour as bought and also sold, means labour demand is equal to labour supply. Which means it’s the process between the workers and the organisation. This puts pressure to the governments to decrease the regulation of the business pratices, including the people protection legislation, to make sure that the organization are best able to answer to changes in labour market. The governments have responsibility to protect the workers and force to implement balance in the economic interest and employee protection. This is shown in the issues of the right for agency and temporary/contractual staff. The flexible labours market has the ability to accept and fire workers and offer poor compensation and employment conditions. REFERENCES: The Labour Market Context of HRM http://www.sagepub.com/wilton/The%20Labour%20Market%20Context.pdf Internal Control Integrated Framework http://www.coso.org/documents/Internal Control-Integrated Framework.pdf HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS http://www.victoria.ac.nz/st_services/careers/pdf/career-view/career-view-human-resource-management-and-industrial-relations-web.pdf Why do health labour market forces matter? http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/91/11/13-118794/en/ Workplaces that Work http://hrcouncil.ca/hr-toolkit/workplaces-interpersonal.cfm

Portrayal Of Women In Chronicle Of Death English Literature Essay

Portrayal Of Women In Chronicle Of Death English Literature Essay Women, generally play many roles in their lives and their portrayal of their character differs from different narratives. We see various personalities of women characters in the novel chronicle of a death foretold and the Theban play Antigone. The main characters I would be analyzing are Antigone, Ismene and Angela Vicario. Although ancient Greece was a male dominated society, Antigone written by Sophocles portrays women as being strong and capable of making wise decisions on their own without any support from men. In this famous tragedy, Sophocles uses the characters Ismene and Antigone to show the different characteristics and roles that woman is typical of interpreting. Traditionally women are characterized as weak and inferior and Ismene is portrayed in this way. Through the character of Antigone, women finally get to present realistic viewpoints about their character. The stereotypes presented in this tragedy address many perspectives of men at this time. Antigones spirit is filled with bravery, passion and rebellion; which allow her to symbolize the very essence of women. She is strong enough to do what her conscious tells her despite the laws of the land, set by the king. Many examples in the play prove that Antigones character is very capable of making her own decisions in the name of justice. First, Antigone opposes Creons law and buries her brother Polyneices because in her mind it wasnt right to accept this discrimination. She does this because she is compassionate and loves her brother very much. Creon believes that his laws must be obeyed and would do anything to prevent any type rebelling against them, especially by a woman. He is even more infuriated when he learns that a woman has broken his laws, this was highly an unexpected task done by a woman, this showed that the woman were portrayed as weak characters incapable of even thinking to break the laws set by the land. Secondly, Antigone shows how determined she is by accepting her consequences with pride. She does not try to hide that she is responsible for breaking Creons laws; moreover, she takes all the credit for her doings. All the while she maintains her strength because she truly believes in her actions. These sorts of actions ultimately prove that Antigone is courageous and willing to stand up to men, which was completely against the norm at this time. Her spirit refuses to submit to the role of a helpless woman like her sister Ismenes character does. Ismene is described to be a coward and refuses to help her sister because she feared men. Her character is a close representation of the viewpoints of the male gender regarding women. She is subordinate and weak-willed. She refuses to stand up to Creon due to her fears even though in her heart she knows that his laws are morally wrong and unacceptable. This type of behavior in famous works of art is very common for women to behave like this. Ismene proclaims, We are only women, we cannot fight with men, Antigone! this proves that she is unwilling to do the right thing if it means standing up to a man. Another example of how cowardly Ismene is portrayed is when she tries to take credit for burying her brother with Antigone. She is so scared that she will be left all alone without Antigone that she is willing to die with her. Then when he realizes she had no part in the crime does he describes her as, .she never had a mind at all. (Sophocles, pg.208) The play is also filled with instan ces of a sexist male viewpoint. Creon states,1If we must lose, lets lose to a man, at least. Is a woman stronger than we? This is evidence that Creon does not see women as equals to men. He feels that women have no rights to break the laws and therefore, must be punished for their irrationality. He eventually realizes that he has offended the Gods with his actions as ruler of Thebes. It is not until his own wife kills herself because of his tyranny against humanity does he realize his mistakes. This is way too late to redeem his lost loved ones or take back his disrespect toward women. The Greek tragedy Antigone by Sophocles is one of the dramatic plays that display the different roles women play in society. The two sisters Ismene and Antigone portray major female characteristics. While Antigone plays the role of a strong and sensible woman, Ismene portrays the typical submissive and mild role. The character of Creon demonstrates through his tyrant rule, the sexist male viewpoint of the ancient Greek world. This play proves that gender disparity has always been present in society since many centuries ago. In the novel chronicle of a death foretold the main female character we encounter in the book is Angela Vicario, who is the bride of the groom named Bayardo san Roman. She is in many ways one of the main characters in the story, and has the strongest narrative voice. In addition, she is center of the mystery that the narrator is trying to unravel, since she is the only one who knows whether or not Santiago was truly the one who took her virginity, and she remains mysterious at the end of the story because she never reveals whether or not he was guilty.

Our Value of Art Essay -- Art Philosophy Essays

Our Value of Art Art is a thoughtful, emotional expression. It has many forms, such as painting, sculpture, architecture and the written word. Rousseau proposes, "Instead of thinking of life as something to which signs and texts are added to represent it, we should conceive of itself as suffused with signs (Culler 12)." For these purposes the signs which Rousseau identifies are works of art. This statement speaks to the inseparable quality of life and art. Since life and art are connected they invariably affect one another. Life is inherently chaotic. This prompts the creation of art, which consequently promotes the stasis of chaos. Art's effect on society demands that we decide whether we value art enough to risk our own undoing. Human beings are psychologically driven creatures. As a result their endeavors are similarly psychologically driven. The compulsion to create is one of our most basic, primitive drives. From a psychological perspective this is known as sublimation, or the channeling of one's energy into a healthy, socially acceptable behavior. This behavior alludes to the idea that the act of creating something of significance makes up for life's troubles. This cognitive negotiation is known as rationalization. It would seem that productively acting in response to chaos would restore the good. However, this energy is misdirected. Channeling all of one's energy into art neglects the problems that truly need attention. In this way art is like putting a fresh coat of paint on a crumbling old home. Consider the Beat Generation. This was a passionate group of painters and poets who produced a massive body of work during the mid twentieth century. It is not a coincidence that they indulged heavily in promi scuous sex, h... ...sso wrote, "Art is a lie that makes us realize truth, at least the truth that is given to us to understand (Picasso 321)." In regard to the relationship between art and chaos art is only a lie as long as its purpose remains unexamined. For some of us, regardless of the negative ties that art has to life, nonexistence is favorable to a life without it. Art teaches us that all wonderful things have ramifications. I would argue that the greatness of a masterpiece exponentially surpasses the harm it causes because it captures its chaotic origins and builds from them. It is as if life's troubles have changed form and evolved into a worthwhile, undying entity. Works Cited: 1. Burroughs, William S., Naked Lunch, New York: 1959. 2. Culler, Jonathan, Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction, New York: 1997. 3. Picasso, Pablo, "Statement to Marvis de Zayas," 1923.

Joseph Ridgeway Grundy :: essays papers

Joseph Ridgeway Grundy I am from a small town called Bristol Borough, Pennsylvania. It is along the Delaware River, about 25 miles northeast of Philadelphia. Bristol Borough was founded in 1681. This is the states third oldest borough, that was once a busy river port with important shipbuilding activities (Cohen 438). It is predominately residential, with the exception of Mill Street, the community's traditional commercial street. It includes fine examples of many major styles and idioms, reflecting the community's long history and its importance as a transportation and commercial center (Owen 133). The 28-acre Bristol Industrial Historic District includes the original town of Bristol and the residential area that extends northeast along the bank of the Delaware River (Owen 132). The Bristol Industrial Historic District is a significant collection of the factory and mill complexes containing elements dating from 1875-1937 (Owen 133). Among the mills is the Grundy Mill Complex. It is a visual represe ntation of industrial growth of Bristol Borough. This mill was run by Joseph R. Grundy. The dramatic scale of later buildings stand as the source and monument to the wealth and power of Joseph Grundy (Owen 145). Joseph Grundy was the proprietor of the Bristol Worsted Mills, and one of the most prominent manufacturers and businessmen of Bucks County (Green 252). The Bristol Worsted Mills no longer run but the building is still standing. Bristol owes a lot to Joseph R. Grundy for his contributions to the people and the town itself. Joseph Ridgeway Grundy was born in Camden, New Jersey, on January 13, 1863 ("Grundy Joseph R. 1). As a small boy, Joe had boundless energy and a vast curiosity. A propensity for childish mischief was taxing. Joe was enrolled in the Moravian Family School for Boys at the age of nine to see if it would help (Hutton 57). His pleasure in all types of athletics was reflected in his letters to home, he loved to skate and go coasting. Joe became a champion bowler, or tenpins player as the game was called at the school, a distinction he retained throughout the years. Now at the age of twelve, his family felt that he had quieted down enough to fit into the family pattern at home and was sent to public school for the next two years and his social contacts widened (Hutton 61). In 1877, Joe was entering the secondary division at Swarthmore, the Quaker institution serving as both a preparatory school and college (Hutton 63).

Policy-making in the Federal System Essay

The U.S. government’s expansive role in public policy is caught in a swirl of conflicting cross-currents. On the one hand, popular expectations about government’s responsibility to solve problems often exceed the capacity of state and local authorities to respond effectively. On the other hand, policies developed at the national level may not sufficiently reflect the great diversity of interests across the U.S. to be effective at the local level. Moreover, the search for effective policy is further complicated by theoretical debates about the constitutional framework of federalism, e.g., what limits on national power can be derived from the Tenth Amendment? A policy area in the middle of these cross-currents is elementary and secondary education – a subject traditionally under local control, with some oversight by the states. However, during the last four decades – especially since 2001 – the national government’s role in education has grown significantly as a result of initiatives by Republican and Democratic administrations. Use the assigned resources to inform yourself about this role and the arguments of its supporters and critics. In your initial post of at least 200-250 words, briefly summarize the national government’s education policies. Explain the main pros and cons in the debate about these policies. Evaluate them from two perspectives: The policies’ effectiveness in improving the quality of U.S. elementary and secondary education. (Justify your assessment by clearly explaining your definition of â€Å"effectiveness† and how it should be measured or determined.) Their consistency with the constitutional framework of federalism. (Justify your assessment by clearly explaining your interpretation of American federalism’s constitutional framework and why federal education policies are or are not consistent with it.) Fully respond to all parts of the question. Write in your own words. Support your position with APA citations to two or more different resources required for this discussion. By Day 7, respond to at least two of your classmates’ initial posts. Your peer responses each must be at least 75 words. They must demonstrate  critical thinking (e.g., ask a relevant question about your peer’s post while explaining why your question is significant, or state a perspective that contrasts with your peer’s while explaining or justifying your position). In the Federal government’s role in education, I think it can be seen in the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† that the Federal Government has set down certain educational guidelines for the states to follow. These guidelines have to provide the Federal government from the states with information such as student achievements, performance by school districts; test performed by students in grades 3 through 8, and ensures that teachers meet minimum qualifications for teaching, in order to get federal funding from the Federal government. I think that in one way, it could be construed as within the federalism’s constitutional framework, in that the Federal government is making sure that in order for the states to receive federal help that they must be in compliance with certain guidelines to best give a proper education to the children of today. Yet according to K. Hettleman, the U.S. Government has not gone far enough, as seen in his article, Expand â€Å"No Child† through Federal Standards, Funding, that the Federal Government holds states accountable for the low performance of poor and minority students, but is undermined by political compromises, that allow state and local officials to continue to devise their own academic standards and tests. I think there ought to be stricter regulations by the federal government of making the states do more for the students in education practices that would make all students equal in performance no matter of race, color or statue in order for that state to receive federal assistance. As seen by educational statistics, â€Å"Illiteracy in the U.S. Compared to the rest of the world, the U.S. is doing well. According to the latest International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), between 19% and 23% of American adults performed at the top levels for each of the three literacy scales: document literacy, prose literacy and quantitative (number) literacy. Sweden is the only country that scored higher. Yet many Americans are being left behind. The same survey found that between 21% and 24% of U.S. adults performed at the lowest level  for all three scales, a figure echoed by the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS). I think that the State and Federal Government ought to work closer together to ensure a better education for all Americans. Reference: Wong, K. K. (2008, December). Federalism revised: The promise and challenge of the No Child Left Behind Act, Retrieved from: Public Administration Review: Special Issue on The Winter Commission Report Revisited, S175-S185. Document ID, ProQuest Social Science Journals database in the Ashford Online Library Gabriel, T. (2011, October 9). G.O.P. anti-federalism aims at education [News analysis]. Retrieved from: New York Times (Late Edition (east coast)), A28. Document ID: 2480540871. Retrieved from ProQuest Newspapers database, in the Ashford Online Library Levin- Waldon, O.M. (2012). American Government. San Diego, Ca: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Http://www

Is it ethical to feed live food to reptiles

Is it ethical to feed live food to exotic pets? Abstract Live food items are often fed to exotic pet species whether they be birds, amphibians, reptiles or mammals. This raises issues of welfare, both of the animals fed live prey Items and the prey Itself. Concerns over live food welfare are particularly marked In the feeding of vertebrate prey Items and evidence presented here shows the prolonged time taken for rodents to die, this fuelling these concerns.And yet the welfare of all exotic pets relies both on providing optimal nutrition and ensuring, as such as possible, that their natural behaviors can be expressed. Does that mean that predatory species must be fed live prey? This paper discusses this problem and seeks potential solutions. Introduction Many of the â€Å"exotic† species that are kept as pets (companion animals) or for study, or which form part of a zoo or rescue centre, are wholly or partly carnivorous and therefore require food of animal origin.Many omnivores also feed In part on live or dead animals and some essentially herbivorous/carnivorous species, such as finches (Freeloading), require invertebrate food when they are nestlings. In this paper emphasis is on the provision of still living food, but brief mention will be made of dead animals. The discussion relates mainly to live food given to captive exotic animals but it must be remembered that free-living Individuals also kill and eat live prey. The use of live food Food comprising live animals or their derivatives is widely considered to serve two main purposes.First, from a nutritive perspective, It contains important, sometimes essential, amino acids, vitamins and other nutrients; secondly, from a behavioral viewpoint It provides captive animals with stimulation, especially when It Is resented to them in an imaginative way, providing a very important form of environmental enrichment. The subject of â€Å"live-feeding† of animals in zoos and private collections has become a specialist topic, with numerous papers in the literature about how best such diets should be chosen and presented. These include precautions to minimize damage to the prey species by attacks from the animals provided as live food. O be well-substantiated; as noted above, it provides behavioral enrichment and represents a natural or near-natural method of providing essential nutrition . There s, however, another important consideration, which is sometimes forgotten or ignored. This is the question of the wellbeing of the live food that is being offered. After all, the food consists of living animals which, regardless of their taxonomic status, may be subjected to and affected by stresses, including pain during the period before and during being eaten. There are several stages at which the prey species may be subjected to stresses.The first of these is during production or collection. Live food is either bred in captivity or collected in the wild and in many cases such breeding or c ollection may involve stress for the animals involved. When offered as food, prior to being devoured the live food prey item is often in what for it is an unusual, an â€Å"alien† environment. It may, for example, be exposed to abnormally high temperatures or bright lights, rendering the individual, by definition, vulnerable to attack/apprehension by the animal to which it is being fed.The key welfare issue for many animals provided as live food will be when they are being devoured. Some live food is killed almost instantaneously by the predator, using physical or chemical means from trauma to veneration, both of these potentially rendering the prey immobile while losing consciousness. In such circumstances there may be little in risk of poor welfare. But often death takes much longer – for instance, a rodent constricted and thus killed by suffocation by a snake, or a cockroach dismembered while it is still alive.Some prey items may be swallowed whole and are therefore still alive – and presumably conscious – for some time until they die of asphyxia or the effect of the predator's gastric Juices; If not immediately devoured uneaten prey may be taken and consumed abstinently, perhaps on another day, but in the meantime it has to survive in an alien environment, often without water, food or appropriate shelter. Sometimes the prey item is never eaten, either because the predator is no longer hungry or because the prey escapes.As a result, it may die as a result of starvation, dehydration, hyperthermia or hypothermia in the predator's cage. It may, alternatively, establish itself in that cage or escape into the home/zoo environment. Here crickets (Grilled) are the best example. The debate Vertebrate food Some decades ago concern began to be voiced by some individuals and certain institutions about the practice of feeding live vertebrates to captive mammals, birds and reptiles. The methods employed began to be subjected to greater scruti ny and criticism as a greater understanding of, and sensitivity to, issues of animal welfare evolved.Society of London) introduced a ban on the feeding of living vertebrate food to its captive reptiles and instead to train the latter to take freshly-killed prey or items (for example, a freshly dead rabbit) that could be moved to simulate life or placed in an unusual environment, such as a hollow tube, to interest the hungry predator. In Britain, at any rate, many other zoos and herpetologists followed suit and by the late asses the use of dead, not living, prey was considered to be â€Å"good practice†.During the decade of the asses claims were regularly made by animal welfare groups that live-feeding was â€Å"illegal† in the I-J but these assertions were countered in lectures and articles (1). The point was made that there was no specific legal ban on live- feeding but that such a practice might lead to a prosecution under the Protection of Animals Acts (2). Herpetol ogists who still wanted to feed live food to their charges ere encouraged to take steps to minimize suffering in various ways – for example, by not leaving live food in the various for long periods of time and by providing shelter and water for it.Those recommendations in Britain were in a large part a modification and refinement of the approach taken by the senior author nearly a decade beforehand, when, in an attempt to encourage a more humane approach to live-feeding of snakes in East Africa, a document was drawn up by the Kenya Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (KAPPA). This is reproduced as Appendix A. Force-feeding† of non-living food is also a possibility, particularly used for ‘difficult' species such as Royal pythons (Python argues) but this can be stressful.Another argument used on both sides of the Atlantic, to dissuade reptile-keepers from feeding live vertebrate food was that the latter could easily attack and damage the predator speci es. Thus, for instance, live rodents put in Bavaria as food can cause severe skin lesions in snakes (3, 4, 5). Having said that, a casual glance through online video clips, as detailed further below, shows that live vertebrate prey are still fed to pitiless by a number of keepers. Invertebrate food Questioning the feeding of live invertebrates to captive animals is less common even today .In the asses an â€Å"animal rights† group based in Scotland lobbied for more awareness of the welfare needs of invertebrate animals and included in their concerns the use of crickets, maelstroms and other species as food items for captive mammals, birds and reptiles. In the past two decades interest amongst veterinarians and others in the health and welfare of invertebrates has grown (6, 7). In its wake, discussion and studies on whether or not invertebrates â€Å"suffer† pain have become reverent (7), including some limited analysis and discussions of the ethical considerations of u sing these animals as live prey.A problem, of course, is that the term â€Å"invertebrate† is very broad, covering around 30 distinct phyla, and the ability of such animals to react to a noxious stimulus varies greatly between, say, a coelenterate that has no generalized nervous system and a cephalic with a well-developed nervous system and pain responses (7). The main groups of invertebrate that are used as food for other animals are arthropods, phyla produce endorphins and may, therefore, be able not only to respond to pain by appropriate escape behavior but be aware of it.Research on the nematode Conservationist elegant, for instance, has shown that activation, an invertebrate homologue of morphogenesis, together with improprieties, modulates aversive activity that mimics behaviors associated with chronic pain in vertebrates (9). While such primitive species can exhibit inception, it would be questioned by many as to whether they feel pain, defined as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage' (italics added) (10).Even a single- led amoeba moves away from a noxious stimulus, but cannot be said to have an emotional response – so where on the evolutionary ‘ladder' does such a response occur? Certainly there are behavioral indicators of pain in several crustacean species (11) and some mollusks (12). In some situations such as the use of live insects in biomedical research, the approach advocated by certain authors has been â€Å"to give them (invertebrates) the benefit of the doubt† and therefore (for example) to employ an anesthetic agent when a procedure to be performed that might cause pain (13).Such a precautionary Renville has not apparently, however, been applied to the use of these same species as live food for mammals, birds or reptiles – and probably would not be realistic. We are, after all, here in a situation where the benefits of one species, the predat or, must be weighed against those of the prey species. Such is the very essence of nature. Hopefully, wherever possible, in a captive environment the welfare needs of both predator and prey can be considered and predator species trained to accept dead prey rather than live. ‘ A preliminary study of welfare of live prey speciesPerhaps a start on such a Journey is to ask for evidence regarding the welfare of prey species when being fed to a predator species. For that reason, we present here a preliminary study using online You Tube videos of various captive reptiles as the predator and mice, rats and crickets as live prey items. Clearly this cannot be a controlled study, but the videos were sampled by accessing the first ten adequate clips defined by ‘reptile eats live mouse', ‘reptile eats live rat', and ‘reptile eats live locust' and recording the time taken from apprehension of the prey item to death as determined by the time of last movement of prey item.It could be argued that the prey species may not lose consciousness until after that period and, in some cases, vivification by the prey item may occur after the last obvious movement, but in those documented in Table 1 this was not the case. The time to death as estimated by cessation of any movement was 62Ð’Â ±29 seconds for mice, 54Ð’Â ±21 seconds for rats and 18Ð’Â ±17 seconds for locusts, with ranges from 38 to 120 seconds for the mice, 24-82 seconds for the rats and 5-62 seconds for the locusts .These figures are clearly influenced by the size of both prey and of predator. Euthanasia of laboratory rodents by carbon dioxide may take 2-3 minutes (14) while cervical dislocation successfully killed animals apparently instantaneously in 79% of animals in one study (15). In another study electroencephalographic activity during the 30 seconds immediately (at 5 to 10 s), 10-15 seconds after exposure to 100% CO, 15-20 seconds after decapitation and at 20-25 seconds with cardi ac arrest caused by KC injection but not after administration of 70% CO (15).A painful and fear-provoking death taking p to 2 minutes as seen in many live food subjects would not, we argue, be acceptable in any circumstances. Interestingly, few if any rodents seemed aware that a predator shared the various with them, many mice actively investigating the snake until the moment of attack. Other rodents in the enclosure did not appear to show behavioral evidence of fear even when other rodents in the same various were attacked, constricted and killed.On the other hand, the fear and pain indicated by rapid movements and vacillations of the prey item, was clear in many of the cases as noted in Table 1 . These author found it disturbing to watch the video clips in many cases and we would argue that the suffering of prey species in many of these video clips and in many is contrary to the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act (2006) in the United Kingdom, as discussed further below. Discus sion There can be no hard-and-fast rules about the feeding of live food to captive animals.However we advocate that, if it is not necessary to sustain the life of the prey species in order to stimulate the predator to pretend and swallow, live-feeding should not take place.. When such a feeding practice is necessary – and is not De facto in intervention of legislation – it should be carried out with care and sensitivity and follow a code of practice. As noted at the beginning of this paper, there are two elements to live-feeding – the predator and the prey – and these both warrant a humane approach.Although reptiles have attracted particular attention in the debate about live-feeding, other carnivorous tax have also come under some scrutiny, especially in Europe. The feeding of large felid such as lions, tigers and cheetahs with live vertebrates, such as rodents or alligators, has long ceased to be accepted practice in zoos in cost of Europe. The use of l iving animals, such as mice or quail, to encourage falconers' birds and wildlife casualties to perfect their hunting skills has, likewise, been officially phased-out.Some of the practices alluded to above have stopped because of public attitudes but legislation has also, indirectly, had a result. Thus, for example, the I-J Animal Welfare Act 2006, while not specifically outlawing the feeding of live food to carnivorous species, puts an onus of responsibility on keepers on a duty of care to all animals in their possession and thus an obligation to ensure as far as possible that ere species are killed before being offered as food.

Advertising and Pepsi Refresh

COMPANY Case Pepsi: Can a Soda Really Make the World a Better Place? This year, PepsiCo did something that shocked the advertising world. After 23 straight years of running ads for its flagship brand on the Super Bowl, it announced that the number-two soft drink maker would be absent from the Big Game. But in the weeks leading up to Super Bowl XLIV, Pepsi was still the second-most discussed advertiser associated with the event. It wasn’t so much what Pepsi wasn’t doing that created such a stir as much as what it was doing.Rather than continuing with the same old messages of the past, focusing on the youthful nature of the Pepsi Generation, and using the same old mass-media channels, Pepsi is taking a major gamble by breaking new ground with its advertising program. Its latest campaign, called Pepsi Refresh, represents a major departure from its old promotion efforts in two ways: (1) The message centers on a theme of social responsibility, and (2) the message is being de livered with a fat dose of social media. At the center of the campaign is the Pepsi Refresh Project.PepsiCo has committed to award $20 million in grants ranging from $5,000 to $250,000 to organizations and individuals with ideas that will make the world a better place. The refresheverything . com Web site greets visitors with the headline, â€Å"What do you care about? † PepsiCo accepts up to 1,000 proposals each month in each of six different areas: health, arts and culture, food and shelter, the planet, neighborhoods, and education. Then crowdsourcing takes over, as consumers vote for their favorites. Pepsi awards the grants each month.One-third of the way through its one-year run, the company had funded more than 100 projects, giving approximately $5 million back to local communities. The company stated that the project was right on target to award the full $20 million by the end of the yearlong effort. INTEGRATING DIGITAL THROUGHOUT THE PROMOTIONAL MIX The Pepsi Refresh c ampaign has been a groundbreaking effort, in part because of its heavy use of social media. PepsiCo is capitalizing on a growing trend in a way that no other major brand has done so far.The company is quick to point out that Pepsi Refresh is not a social media add-on like almost others, where an ad simply directs people to a Web site for reasons that may or may not be relevant to the message. Nor is it a social media campaign as such, where the entire campaign takes place through social media. Rather, social media are the glue that holds together a truly integrated marketing communications effort. â€Å"It’s not about digital as its own channel anymore,† says Bonin Bough, director of digital and social media for PepsiCo. â€Å"It’s how do we infuse digital across all of our marketing programs? For starters, although PepsiCo bypassed the Super Bowl, it is not ditching broadcast media. To the contrary, Pepsi is running spot ads on the main networks as well as 30 different cable channels. The ads initially informed people about the Pepsi Refresh campaign, directing them to the refresheverything. com site. But shortly after the first grants were awarded, ads began highlighting projects that had been funded. Traditional media efforts extend to 10 print publications as well. And PR plays a role through agreements such as the one with NBC Universal for paid pitches on the â€Å"Today† show.But this campaign underscores a shift in how PepsiCo is spending its advertising dollars. According to CEO Indra Nooyi, the world’s number two soft drink seller is shifting as much as one-third of its marketing budget to interactive and social media. This move involves not only the Pepsi brand but also Mountain Dew, Doritos, Sobe, and PepsiCo’s other brands. Certainly, PepsiCo is not alone in the trend toward digital and social media marketing. But analysts point out that its approach, moving away from high-profile spots in favor of heavy spending on a digitally focused social responsibility campaign, is both compelling and risky. I applaud Pepsi for embracing social media and technology,† said Marc Lucas, an advertising executive. â€Å"On the flip side, I think it’s very bold to not be in a place where you know you’re going to have an audience. † The refresheverything. com Web site is just one component of the brand’s online efforts. PepsiCo is spreading the message through the big networks, such as Facebook and Twitter, and even partnering with them for advertising opportunities. For example, Pepsi Refresh held the lead ad position on Facebook during the Super Bowl.Pepsi has also partnered with Hulu to sponsor its first original series, the reality show If I Can Dream. â€Å"It amplifies an advertising campaign by making it something people talk about, more of a social conversation,† said Jean-Paul Colaco, senior vice president for advertising at Hulu. PepsiCo even partnere d with Spin magazine, music festival South by Southwest, and two Indie bands in a Web-based contest where music lovers could vote for their favorite. Metric beat out Broken Social Scene for a $100,000 grant that it gave to the Women’s Funding Network.As another component of the integrated campaign, the company has not shied away from using celebrity endorsers. Through clever network spot ads that place celebrities inside a life-sized, threedimensional laptop made of tagboard, Kevin Bacon appeals to people to vote for his cause, SixDegrees. org. He is quick to point out that this has nothing to do with the cult trivia game, Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon. Rather, he proposes using a $250,000 grant to hand out â€Å"good cards† that people can use to donate to any of more than a million different charities.But Bacon goes on to explain that the power of SixDegrees comes from the social networks of good card recipients. They buy more good cards and pass them on to others, and as social networking works its magic, that $250,000 grows into millions. Among various other celebrities, Pepsi has also recruited Demi Moore; NFL players Mark Sanchez, DeMarcus Ware, and Drew Brees; and NASCAR veterans Jeff Gordon, Dale Earnhardt Jr. , and Jimmie Johnson to apply for grants and act as spokespersons for the project.These celebrities are vying for votes to award grants to such organizations as the Girls Education and Mentoring Service, the American Cancer Society, and the Brain Aneurysm Foundation. PepsiCo is also getting its message out to consumers at the point of purchase. Cans, bottles, and multipacks feature updated graphics that minimize an all lowercase Pepsi logo written vertically and highlights a new Pepsi brand mark: a large circle with swaths of red, white, and blue. That symbol replaces any â€Å"o† in Pepsi’s packaging and promotional materials.Thus, both â€Å"Do Some Good† and â€Å"Doing Good 101† each carry four of the ne w Pepsi circles. To draw people into retailer outlets to see the pointof- purchase (POP) materials and hopefully buy its soft drinks, Pepsi has partnered with Foursquare, the social network that connects people through GPS in real time. Foursquare members are directed to Pepsi retailers and given offers as an incentive for them to visit. DOING WELL BY DOING GOOD Despite the growth of cause-related marketing, PepsiCo’s effort is perhaps the first example of a major brand making social responsibility the main theme of its campaign, rather than an add-on.This does not downplay the efforts of companies like Target, which has given $273 million to local schools since 1997 through its RedCard program. But PepsiCo’s effort is built around a theme that drives the concept of â€Å"doing good† as much as it drives the brand. Coca- Cola’s response to Pepsi Refresh, donating a dollar to Boys and Girls Clubs of America each time a visitor to Coke’s Facebook pag e shares a virtual Coke gift, illustrates how most advertiser’s causerelated marketing efforts are peripheral to other advertising activities. Nooyi brings the centrality of Pepsi’s socially responsible message into perspective.The Pepsi Refresh Project is a platform, but at the end of the day, what we are doing is awarding the grants, we are enabling connections. It’s having a catalytic effect on people who are actually embracing these organizations. So, we’re not only benefiting the person who received the grant, we’re benefiting the people who are the recipients of the outcome of that idea. With schools, for instance, it’s not just one classroom that’s benefited. It’s all the kids who will be able to go to that classroom. And there have been people who have worked so hard to get this money that others have stepped in and matched the money they receive.Projects funded thus far are too numerous to list. But they include more t han high-profile efforts like the celebrity campaigns. Many awards are being given to everyday people just trying to improve their own little corners of the world. Calvin Cannon received $5,000 for Clothe the N. A. K. E. D. Prom Date, his venture to sponsor low-income, upstanding dudes in Shelbyville, Tennessee, by paying for their tuxedo rentals for the prom. Jeanne Acutanza from Kirkland, Washington, got $5,000 for her children’s school so that it could manage a sustainable garden and give the harvest to local food banks.And the Associates of Redlands Bowl received $25,000 to support performing arts in the community of Redlands, California. â€Å"I’m proud of every idea we’re supporting, but it’s the simplicity of [these ideas that is] so innovative,† says Nooyi. â€Å"You would never have thought that one simple thing could bring about a big change in the community. † IN SEARCH OF THE HOLY GRAIL All this cutting edge promotion and the eff ort to change the world are wonderful. But at the end of the day, PepsiCo has to sell soft drinks. After all, it is the fiftieth largest publicly held corporation in the Fortune 500.Pepsi is also the 23rd most valuable brand in the world according to Interbrand. If this experiment fails to support sales of its core brand, PepsiCo will no doubt abandon its innovative promotion efforts and return to its old ways. As one social marketer states, â€Å"This is big, new, getting a lot of attention. It’s impactful; it’s innovative. What the industry is talking about now is, is this a gamble that was worth taking, in terms of a lift in sales? That’s the holy grail. † But PepsiCo remains extremely optimistic. In the first few months of the campaign, the number of Facebook fans doubled.The company formerly got a Twitter tweet every five minutes or so. Now, it receives more tweets per minute than a person can read. But just what is the value of a Facebook or a Twitt er fan? Although many advocates of social networking say questions like that are irrelevant, budget-strapped chief marketing officers want to see return on investment. That’s why Bough and his team have developed a scorecard that ties different elements of the Pepsi Refresh campaign back to the health of the brand. Using standard research methods, PepsiCo will be measuring whether or not this campaign merits the expense.Pass or fail, many observers inside and outside PepsiCo will learn much from this first-of-its-kind social media and social responsibility campaign. Ana Maria Irazabal, director of marketing for PepsiCo, wants this campaign to become the model of the future. â€Å"We want people to be aware that every time you drink a Pepsi you are actually supporting the Pepsi Refresh Project and ideas that are going to move this country forward. We may be the first to do something like this, but hopefully, we’re not the last. † Questions for Discussion 1.Consid er PepsiCo’s advertising throughout its history. (For a list of Pepsi slogans over the years, visit http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pepsi#Slogans. ) Identify as many commonalities as possible across its various ad campaigns. How is this campaign consistent with PepsiCo’s brand image? 2. List all the promotional mix elements used in the Pepsi Refresh campaign. What grade would you give PepsiCo on integrating these elements into an integration marketing communications campaign? 3. Describe PepsiCo’s target audience. Is the Pepsi Refresh campaign consistent with that audience? . As completely as possible, analyze the campaign according to the steps listed in the chapter for developing effective marketing communication. 5. Will the Pepsi Refresh campaign be successful? Why or why not? Sources: Natalie Zmuda, â€Å"Pass or Fail, Pepsi’s Refresh Will Be Case for Marketing Textbooks,† Advertising Age, February 8, 2010, p. 1; Stuart Elliott, â€Å"Pepsi In vites the Public to Do Good,† New York Times, January 31, 2010, p. B6; Elaine Wong, â€Å"Pepsi Community Effort Finds Fans on Social Nets,† Brandweek, June 8, 2010, accessed at www. brandweek. com.

Slavery And Plantation In Trinidad And Tobago History Essay

Bondage and Plantations have ever been linked, driven by economic aims ( Williams 1994 ) , from the earliest period of sugarcane cultivation in the Caribbean. Despite the complexness of the events and fortunes that created this relationship, sugar growing and slavery both were dining during the comparatively peaceable early old ages of the eighteenth century. The European demand for sugar had been increasing, and England ‘s sugar demands led the battalion. The British islands like T & A ; T were a mono-crop society, with few colonists turning anything but sugar caneThe Business of SlaveryThe Triangular Trade is a term normally used in treatments of the slave trade. Slaves would be brought from Africa to the plantations, which would direct sugar and other local goods to Europe, who would in turn send goods to Africa. The goods normally sent to Africa were guns and other manufactured points because there was no industry in Africa. In the West Indian islands like T & A ; T, nevert heless, the merchandising of slaves was an of import portion of the economic system. The demand for more slaves was ever greater than the market could supply, and the West Indian companies were opened up in the 1700s to outside trade to assist supply extra slaves to settlements that produced sugar. The Gallic encouraged this trade on their islands by relieving slaves from most import and export revenue enhancements.Life on PlantationsWorking Conditionss: Slave Labour in Plantations ‘aˆÂ ¦the toughest season, a season of labor from dawn to twilight, bare mortise joints and calves stung by cowitch, knotted musculuss slashed by cane foliages that cut like consecutive razors, dorsums split unfastened by the whipaˆÂ ¦ ‘ The plantation land consisted of cane-fields, proviso evidences, forest and grazing land. Each plantation owner preferred to hold more than 200 estates of cane land. Provision evidences were used by the slaves to cultivate root harvests, plantains and veggies for nutrient. The forest provided timber and firewood and the grazing land was used for croping cowss ( Handler 1965 ) . The cane Fieldss had either freshly planted canes or ratoons. The ratoons were new shoots turning from old cane roots which were left in the land after a old harvest of cane was harvested. Normally a ratoon field was less productive. A typical sugar estate had factory edifices such as the factory, boiling house and hardening house. Around these mill edifices there were other smaller edifices and sheds in which, blacksmiths, wheelers, carpenters, Masons, Coopers and other artisan slaves worked. There would besides be a little â€Å" infirmary † for ill slaves, and a little â€Å" gaol † which kept slaves who were being punished. There were storage suites for tools and supplies and sheds which sheltered farm animal or stored cane rubbish or bagasse which was used as fuel. Not far from the mill edifices were little houses in which the European directors and supervisors lived. They were by and large superintendents, book-keepers, skilled craftsmen and office staff. In the biggest house lived the estate proprietor. The slave quarters were some distance off from the places of the directors. A work twenty-four hours consisted of 15-16 hours a twenty-four hours, during harvest clip and, could travel on during crop and milling for 16-18 per hebdomad 7 yearss a hebdomad and harmonizing to Stampp ( 1956 ) the slaves were given the undertaking to fix the land for seting. Their normal on the job twenty-four hours began before dawn and ended after sunset. They cleared the grass and shrubs by weeding and combustion ( kids between the ages of six and ten might be active as H2O bearers while kids between the ages of 10 and 12 were organized into packs and set to weeding ) . Cane holes were dug and into these cane tops were planted. As the cane grew, packs of slaves manured the field and weeded shrubs that sprang up around the cane workss. Female slaves did much of the weeding and the manuring. After 12 to 15 months the cane was now mature. The field was set afire to fire off the foliages from the cane chaffs and at the same clip to acquire rid of serpents which lived at that place . The field slaves, utilizing cutlasses, so cut the cane chaffs, packed them in packages and loaded them on to ox-drawn carts which transported them to the factory. At the factory, the cane was crushed and the juice flowed through troughs to big metal containers. The cane rubbish was removed and stored for usage as fuel for the boilers. The juice in the big containers was clarified by heating and the add-on of a little measure of calcium hydroxide. This clarified juice was so ladled into a Cu boiler in which it was boiled. After a piece, the juice from this Cu boiler was ladled into a smaller boiler and was boiled once more and so still further in a yet smaller boiler. By so, it had changed into gluey sirup which was allowed to chill, and so poured into wooden hogsheads standing on beams in the hardening house. Through little holes at the underside of the hogsheads, molasses seeped out and was collected in containers set below the beams. After about three hebdomads, the staying siru p in the hogsheads crystallised to organize sugar. The sugar remained in the hogsheads which were subsequently packed into ships for export to Europe. Some estates besides manufactured rum by fermenting juice from the first boiling and about the same measure of molasses. Almost all of this specialized work carried out in the industry of sugar and rum was done by skilled artisan slaves who were extremely valued by their proprietors. During the milling season, slaves worked in displacements throughout the twenty-four hours and dark. Even after the harvest season was over, the estate proprietor did non let his slaves to be idle. The Fieldss had to be prepared for the new harvest, weeding and manuring of the ratoons had to be done, and fixs to drainage and irrigation canals, fencings and edifices had to transport out. Work was even found for kids from the age of six old ages old. They collected firewood, cut grass to feed farm animate beings and fetched imbibing H2O to slaves working in the Fieldss. The plantation proprietors did non desire their slaves to affect themselves in idle conversation since they felt that the discontented slaves may utilize the juncture to plot rebellion.PunishmentsWhile each plantation had its ain set of societal, spiritual, and labour codifications, all had the basic format for an instilled hierarchy in which the slave maestro reigned as generalized anxiety disorder. He maintained the component of slave wretchedness, by commanding the grade of hurting ( Starobin 1974 ) . Treatments wer e given such as mutilation, stigmatization, chaining, and slaying which were purportedly regulated or prohibited by jurisprudence. Whippings, whippings, drownings, and hangings were every bit unpredictable as they were gruesome. It was clear to plantation proprietors that bondage could non last without the whip ( even though proprietors were out to intentionally kill or maliciously mangle a slave ) . Males and females were whipped randomly. The badness of floging depended on the figure of shots to the type of whip. Fifteen to twenty ciliums were by and large sufficient, but they could run much higher. Other points used for penalties included stocks, ironss, neckbands, and chainss. It was besides platitude that adult females could be raped by the proprietor of the plantation, his boies or, any white male.Methods of ControlThe White plantation proprietors in T & A ; T used assorted methods to keep complete control over their slaves. Their chief method was that of â€Å" divide and regulation † . Members of the same folk were separated on different plantations to forestall communicating between them. The purpose behind this was to forestall any programs to arise if they were together. This separation, ne vertheless, created a job of communicating, since the plantation would hold different groups of slaves talking different linguistic communications. Therefore, the plantation owners had to happen a manner to pass on with their slaves. Soon a new linguistic communication, known as Creole, developed and this became a common lingua among the slaves. When the British took control of the twin islands in the 19th century, English words were injected into the linguistic communication and it became the footing of the Creolised linguistic communication. Slaves were besides prevented from rehearsing their faiths. Quite a few slaves were Muslims while many others had their ain tribal beliefs. But since the Christian plantation owners saw non-Christians as heathens, they made sure that the slaves could non garner to idolize in the manner they were accustomed when they lived in Africa. Subsequently Christian missionaries were permitted on the plantations and they were allowed to prophesy to the slaves on Sundays. In clip, many of them were converted to Christianity ; it was the general feeling that the born-again slaves became docile and was non willing to back up rebellion on the plantations. Another means of control was the creative activity of a category system among the slaves. Field slaves formed the lowest group, even though some of them had particular accomplishments. The lowest ranking slaves, the anchor of the plantation economic system, were the field slaves. The field slaves were divided into ‘gangs ‘ harmonizing to their physical strength and ability, with the strongest and fittest males and females in the first pack. The inducement used to promote difficult work, was ciliums of the cart whip, which were freely administered by the drivers, who were ‘privileged ‘ slaves under the superintendent ‘s supervising. Higher up the slave hierarchy were the artisan slaves such as blacksmiths, carpenters and Masons, who were frequently hired out by the plantation owners. These slaves besides had chances to gain money for themselves on assorted occasions. Still higher up in this category system were the drivers who were specially selected by the White plantation owners to command the other slaves. The domestic or house slave had a particular topographic point in this agreement, and because they worked in the maestro ‘s house and sometimes having particular favors from the maestro, they held other slaves in disdain. Normally, the slaves in the lowest round of this societal ladder were the 1s who rebelled and frequently domestic slaves were the 1s who betrayed them by describing the secret plans to their maestro. Then there were divisions based on coloring material. In the early yearss, it was comparatively easy for a pure African to lift to the degree of a driver. But mixtures occurred through the birth of kids as a consequence of brotherhoods between White work forces and black adult females ( mulatto ) , White work forces and mulatto adult females ( mestee ) and mulatto work forces and black adult females ( sambo ) . Some slaves of wining coevalss therefore had lighter skin colors, and the White plantation owners discriminated in favor of them. These slaves with White male parents or White relations were placed in places above those of the field slaves. This was the beginning of color favoritism in the Guyanese society. Of class, in all of this, the Europeans – the Whites – occupied the highest round of the societal ladder and they found willing Alliess among the assorted or colored population who occupied the intermediate degrees. The pure Africans remained at the lowest deg ree Womans and Slavery in the Plantations Harmonizing to Bush ( 1990 ; 33 ) the primary ground for the presence of adult females in T & A ; T during the clip of bondage was due to their labour value. In the early yearss of bondage, plantation proprietors attempted to bring forth healthy forms of reproduction and encourage matrimony, but found it was economically unlogical to make so. Alternatively, it was more profitable to buy new slaves from Africa ( until the continued supply of female slaves being delivered from across the Atlantic was threatened by abolitionist force per unit area in the 18th century ) . Girls worked on estates from the early age of four. Occupations for misss between the ages of 12-19 varied from field work, to stock work, to domestic work, to rinsing e.g. vesture, dishes, etc. ( Reddock 1985 pg. 64 ) , . Other signifiers of work for mature adult females included accoucheuse, doctoress, and housekeeper. European plantation proprietors by and large regarded most slave adult females as suited for field w ork, which consisted of occupations such as delving holes for canes, weeding, and hoeing. In Jamaica, the bulk of adult females between the ages of 19 and 54 were working in the Fieldss. By the late eighteenth and early 19th century, there were more adult females working in the field than work forces due to their lower mortality rates. Despite the common stereotype whereby work forces are stronger and more physically capable than adult females, it can be argued that adult females were as of import, if non more of import, to field work during the period of bondage in T & A ; T. The importance of adult females in the plantation economic system is reflected in the monetary value of female slaves between 1790 and the terminal of the slave trade. The monetary value for a â€Å" new † male slave was about ?50-?70, while the monetary value for a new female slave was about ?50-?60. ( Bush, 1996:33 ) Apart from businesss such as doctoress, accoucheuse, and housekeeper, which were considered to be higher employment places for slave adult females during the clip, the slave elite was about wholly made up of work forces. Womans were confined to contending for lower places in the socio-economic hierarchy and were ever excluded from the more esteemed and skilled occupations ( i.e. woodworking ) . Among the limited sum of businesss available to Trinbagonian slave adult females, the most esteemed occupation was found to be nursing. One manner in which adult females slaves would on occasion accumulate income and resources for themselves was through sex trade ( Morrissey 1989 pg. 69 ) . This was a common manner for adult females slaves to salvage money for freedom, peculiarly in the eighteenth and 19th centuries in T & A ; T. The bulk of enslaved domestic workers in towns were expected to back up themselves through harlotry.Culture of Slavery and Plantation lifeHomePlantation slaves were housed in slave ‘s cabins. Small, impolitely built of logs with clapboard turnouts, with clay tinkling. Floors were packed soil. They were leaky and draughty and the combination of moisture, soil, and cold made them diseased environments. On the plantation, the slaves were housed in edifices which were some distance off from the maestro ‘s house. Most of these slave houses had thatched roofs and walls of old boards or of wattle and clay. The floor was the Earth itself and there were no furniture except some fundamenta l pieces that the slaves managed to do.ClothingSlaves were non well-clothed ; they had unequal vesture for people engaged in heavy labor all twelvemonth. Children would dress in long shirts. Men possessed small besides with two shirts and two cotton bloomerss. Womans were provided with an deficient sum of fabric and made their ain apparels. The fabric was inexpensive stuff, produced in England that was dubbed â€Å" Negro fabric † . The slaves besides obtained a vesture allowance approximately every twelvemonth. The work forces received a harsh woolen jacket, a chapeau, about six paces of cotton, and a piece of canvas to do a brace or two of pants. Womans received the same allowance as the work forces, but kids received none. The kids remained bare until they were approximately nine old ages old, or were given cast-off vesture that their parents managed to happen or were able to buy.FoodThe nutrient was by and large equal in majority, but imbalanced and humdrum. Typical nutri ent allowance was a batch of maize repast and three to four lbs of salt porc or bacon per hebdomad per individual. This diet could be supplemented by veggies from their gardens, by fish or wild game, and molasses ( non normally ) . The slaves prepared their ain nutrient and carried it out to the field in pails. While the slaves were provided with certain groceries by the maestro, they raised their ain subsistence harvests of veggies, plantains and root harvests on little garden secret plans that the maestro allowed them to utilize. However, they could merely make their personal agriculture on Lord's daies when they had no work on the plantation. They besides took the chance to angle on Lord's daies in the nearby canals, the rivers or the ocean. Each grownup slave was given one lb of salt-cured pod fish every Sunday by the plantation proprietor. The salt-cured pod fish was imported from North America. A kid slave was given a smaller allotment. On particular Christian vacation, there was an extra allowance of about a lb of beef or porc, some sugar and a measure of rum.ReligionThe general position held by the plantation proprietors was that the African slaves did non keep to a system of beliefs that could be described as a faith ( Mbiti 1969 ) . At best – so the members of the plantocracy and the church that served them felt – their beliefs amounted to nil more than pagan superstitious notion. Not a few of them, possibly, felt that the Africans were incapable of spiritual sentiment. But the Africans held spiritual beliefs derived from their fatherland. It may be utile to observe that some of the slaves, peculiarly these who came from the Fula-speaking country of Senegambia, were Muslims. The pattern of the plantation owners of dividing tribesmen from one another, and of detering the collection of slaves for any purpose whatsoever, was non calculated to let Islam to last. Again, the little figure of African Muslims that came to plantations in T & A ; T lacked the leading of Imams and the ownership of the Qur'an. Then, excessively, the plantation life did non impart itself for long supplications at fixed times, worship on a set twenty-four hours, fasting at prescribed periods, or banqueting on vacations which did non co-occur with those observed by the plantocracy. On the other manus, autochthonal African spiritual beliefs, which became labelled as â€Å" obi † , survived the troubles of estate life. But these beliefs underwent important alterations although they remained clearly â€Å" African † in construction ( Saraceni 1996 ) . Three factors were chiefly responsible for these alterations. In the first topographic point, African spiritual thoughts were capable of alteration in response to the new circumstance of estate life. Second, the pattern of African faith was frowned upon by estate governments. This meant that the faith could merely be practised in secret and irregularly. The consequence has been that some facets of African spiritual patterns withered off while others lost their nationality and linguistic communication and became garbled. Third, the exposure to Christianity led non merely to the transition of Blacks to that faith, but besides to the imbrication of African and Christian beliefs.Free TimeExcept for net inco mes enjoyed by the artisan slaves, most of the slaves depended on obtaining money by selling excess green goodss from their proviso evidences and besides the sale of farm animal that they reared. On Sundays, small town markets were held and the slaves seized the chance to barter or sell their green goods. On these occasions the slaves made purchases of a few pieces of vesture and other points for their places. The Sunday markets were besides occasions when slaves from different plantations were able to socialize and to interchange intelligence and pieces of chitchat. There were besides times of diversion. These were normally at the terminal of the â€Å" harvest † and at Christmas and on public vacations when the slaves were allowed to keep dances which had to stop by midnight.